La proliferación del lenguaje de los derechos tras el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial ha supuesto para algunos pensadores la pérdida de la fuerza de las demandas basadas en ellos. El autor repasa las criticas de quienes dirigen sus dardos contra la concepción liberal del lenguaje de los derechos, que pretenden poner en entredicho algunas de sus bases y de ahí pasan a criticar el uso extensivo del lenguaje de los derechos. Parcero sostiene que una teoría de los derechos (...) tiene que abordar hoy, entre muchas otras teorías normativas, analíticas y empíricas, el problema del uso del lenguaje de los derechos. (shrink)

Prolongando los trabajos de Horst Bredekamp y de Quentin Skinner, la hipótesis que pretendo defender aquí consiste en demostrar que si el célebre frontispicio que adorna el Leviatán, obra mayor del pensamiento de Hobbes, hace de la figura del Leviatán el sustento estructurante de nuestra iconografía..

This study examines the event- related brain potential (ERP) of 25 Mexican monolingual Spanish-speakers when reading Spanish sentences with single entity anaphora or complex anaphora. Complex anaphora is an expression that refer to propositions, states, facts or events while, a single entity anaphora is an expression that refers back to a concrete object. Here we compare the cognitive cost in processing a single entity anaphora [éstafeminine; La renuncia (resignation)] from a complex anaphora [estoneuter; La renuncia fue aceptada (The resignation was (...) accepted)].Éstaelicited a larger positive peak at 200 ms, andestoelicited a larger frontal negativity around 400 ms. The positivity resembles the P200 component, and its amplitude is thought to represent an interaction between predictive qualities in sentence processing (i.e., graphical similarity and frequency of occurrence). Unlike parietal negativities (typical N400), frontal negativities are thought to represent the ease by which pronouns are linked with its antecedent, and how easy the information is recovered from short-term memory. Thus, the complex anaphora recruited more cognitive resources than the single entity anaphora. We also included an ungrammatical control sentence [éstemasculine; La renuncia (resignation)] to better understand the unique processes behind complex anaphoric resolution, as opposed to just general difficulty in sentence processing. In this case, event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited byéstemasculineandéstafemininewere compared. Again,éstaelicited a larger P200. However, different from the experimental condition, a left anterior negativity (LAN) effect was observed foréste; the ungrammatical condition. Altogether, the present research provides electrophysiological evidence indicating that demonstrative pronouns with different morphosyntactic features (i.e., gender) and discourse parameters (i.e., single entity or complex referent) interact during the first stage of anaphoric processing of anaphora. This stage initiated as early as 200 milliseconds after the pronoun onset and probably ends around 400 ms. (shrink)

Mark Platts is responsible for the first systematic presentation of truth-conditional semantics and for turning a generation of philosophers on to the Davidsonian program. He is also a pioneer in discussions of moral realism, and has made important contributions to bioethics, the philosophy of human rights and moral responsibility. This book is a tribute to Platts's pioneering work in these areas, featuring contributions from number of leading scholars of his work from the US, UK and Mexico. It features replies to (...) the individual essays from Platts, as well as a concluding chapter reflecting on his philosophical career from Oxford to Mexico City. Mind, Language and Morality will be of interest to philosophers across a wide range of areas, including ethics, moral psychology, philosophy of law, and philosophy of language. (shrink)

Radical Enactivism rejects representationalism but nonetheless allows the phenomenal character of perceptual experience as supervening on brain bound elements. In this paper, I argue that Radical Enactivism should reject the possibility of wholly brain-bound phenomenal experience. I propose a way of individuating perceptual experiences that does not depend on representationalism and raises a problem to the view defended by Hutto and Myin according to which, with respect to phenomenality, it is possible to adopt a view that partly construes experience in (...) terms of engagement with the environment. I argue that Radical Enactivism should change: either deny that the environment plays any role in an account of the phenomenal character or embrace the view that the phenomenal properties of experiences are at least partly constituted by the environment itself. (shrink)

Gilbert Ryle claimed that intelligent actions and activities are not merely the external signs of inner mental workings but rather that such actions and activities are the workings of the mind itself. In this thesis I propose an interpretation and defence of sich claim, against a common an, in my view, mistaken way of understanding Ryle's position. In chapter [1]. I introduce the argumentative thread of this thesis and a more detailed overview of the chapters. In chapter [2], I criticise (...) Stanley and Williamson's understanding of Ryle's argument and position. In chapters [3]-[5] I examine Ryle's position and provide a way of understanding his view against what I take his main opponent, INTELLECTUALISM, to be. Chapter [6] offers an argument against INTELLECTUALISM as a way of motivating a Rylean account intelligent actions and activities. I conclude in chapter [7] with a response to purported counter-examples to the view I propose. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to discuss Stanley and Williamson’s take on Ryle’s argument against know-how being know-that. For this, I provide an initial consideration of the possibility of isolating Ryle’s argument from his overall philosophical outlook and Stanley and Williamson’s purpose in their discussion of Ryle. I then examine in detail Stanley and Williamson’s reconstruction of Ryle’s argument with the specific aim of showing where they have introduced extraneous elements: I examine what they take to bes additional assumptions (...) needed for the argument to be valid and how they construct the premises in order to attempt to show that Ryle's argument is not sound. I end the paper showing the limits of Stanley and Williamson’s attack, suggesting how the extraneous elements Stanley and Williamson introduce already bias the discussion against Ryle. The main aim is not to defend a form of Ryle’s regress but rather advocate the need for a deeper discussion of Ryle’s views of mind and action when discussing his views on know-how. (shrink)

Se trata de la reseña del libro de Carlos Balzi, “Introducción”, en Hobbes, Thomas, Leviatán. Buenos Aires: Colihue, 208 páginas.

Se trata de una reseña del libro de Martha C. Nussbaum. La tradición cosmopolita. Un noble e imperfecto ideal, Traducción de Albino Santos Mosquera. Barcelona: Paidós, 336 páginas.

La filosofía ha tratado a la pobreza como riqueza desde diversas aproximaciones. Sin embargo, en cada una de ellas es esencial la llamada a vivir una vida justa y feliz, inseparable de su forma y que, a la vez, abierta radicalmente a la expropiación por lo inapropiable. Confesión y don del Espíritu Santo en San Agustín, vínculo esencial de los pueblos de Occidente con lo Libre-liberante y, así, abiertos a su destino histórico y ontológico en Martin Heidegger, lo neutro ni (...) animal ni humano en un vínculo con lo inapropiable en Giorgio Agamben. En cada uno de estos casos se pone en jaque a la tradición de la metafísica que culminó en el nihilismo, la voluntad de poder y la lógica del valor. Resulta relevante volver a la cuestión de la pobreza tanto para pensar una vía de salida a la metafísica y a la biopolítica, como también para indagar en qué medida el cristianismo excede a la historia de la metafísica. (shrink)

A principios del siglo XX, el escritor austriaco Robert Musil comparte, con muchos de los mis lúcidos de sus contemporáneos, el malestar producido por la constataciiin de que la creciente capacidad científica y tdcnica de la civilizaciiin, no se acompaña de una capacidad de respuesta frente r..

The practical reinterpretation of positive law in the light of its originating principle, oriented to the common good, need neither be a dispensation from the law, nor a discrediting of the legislator, nor a judgment on the law itself, nor an interpretation of said law, but rather it is a virtue, i.e. that of epieikeia. This is made necessary by the fact that a law cannot refer rightly to all cases; in some cases it will fail, and thus the legislator (...) writes the law to cover what occurs in the majority of the cases, without ignoring the fact that in certain cases there will be a failure of the law to apply. This is, according to St. Thomas, that which is contemplated by the epieikeia in order to reinterpret positive law in the light of natural law. (shrink)

The Aquinate consigns that including in the divine interior, emanation is an order of origin between coincidents or concurrents; in the divine exterior, emanation is an order of origin between incoincidents, be it in the entitative plane (according to the order from essence to existence, and from the faculties to the substance), or be it in the operative plane (according to the order from faculties to act). In this work, only the topics concerned with the entitative level are dealt with, (...) which express two orders of emanation: that of creatures as such and that of the faculties. (shrink)

Two ethical-social paradigms coexisted in the early Middle Ages: antifeminism and profeminism. The first one expresses the "masculine teleology of creation": the biological primacy belongs to man and therefore, woman is subordinated to him from ontological, psychological and social viewpoints. The second paradigm expresses the "feminine teleology of creation" with its philosophical and juridical repercussions.

En este trabajo se hace una crítica a la interpretación que hacen Ulises Schmill y Carlos Silva Nava de la noción de interés legítimo. La primera parte de la crítica consiste en advertir serios problemas en la tradición doctrinal que ha combinado la concepción de Ihering de interés jurídico con la noción kelseniana de derecho subjetivo, la cual ha influido en la jurisprudencia desarrollada por los tribunales en México. La segunda parte de la crítica apunta a que dichos autores no (...) tomaron en consideración el nuevo contexto normativo que existe en México a partir de la reforma en materia de derechos humanos. El autor propone entonces una interpretación de la noción de interés legítimo compatible con el artículo 1o. de la Constitución, relativo a los derechos humanos. Esta interpretación implica el abandono de la doctrina tradicional. (shrink)

When a great thinker of the Spanish Golden Age, such as Vitoria, Molina or Suárez, inquires about the fundamental cause which justifies a licit declaration of war, “injury” is included as one of these causes. Here, “injury” is understood as an infringement of a right, an injustice committed and for which restitution has not been made. Among the injuries which may licitly be considered a justification for war, there is the “insult to honor”, especially to the honor of the Nation (...) and the honor of the Sovereign. The difficulty in accepting this justification for war lies in making a demarcation between the interest of the Sovereign and the interest of the People, i.e. the men who make up the community, who are the immediate depositaries of power. For these thinkers, honor is always owed to the People. This is because a State, a Nation, a People, has the right to enjoy respect for its institutions, laws and customs, as an integral part of its own life. (shrink)

El proyecto “filosófico-literario” de Martha Nussbaum presenta dúas grandes fases o momentos. En el primero, la literatura y la filosofía moral dialogan; mientras que, en el segundo, se proponen “usos políticos” de la literatura: esta tiene que ser una parte central, nunca la única, de la formación del ciudadano. De este modo, el proyecto de Nussbaum aparece como una forma de criticismo ético. El artículo se propone analizar y rechazar una de las críticas de Richard Posner a toda forma de (...) criticismo ético: su negación de que la evaluación ética sea legítima al abordar la literatura y su afirmación de que el contenido moral de las obras es un asunto poco relevante. Se busca argumentar en contra de esta posición autonomista radical (o de desapego-estético) de Posner y mostrar cómo el proyecto de Nussbaum, incluso, resulta compatible con una posición autonomista, pero moderada. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene por objeto de estudio el vínculo entre teología y filosofía a través del análisis del primer fragmento de Sobre el concepto de historia, de Walter Benjamin. Benjamin usa la alegoría de un autómata que siempre obtiene la victoria en la partida del ajedrez, pero que, en realidad, esconde un enano jorobado que mueve las piezas, para exponer cómo el “materialismo histórico” necesita de la teología para su triunfo. Se indaga cómo la idea de teología de Benjamin (...) impide la clausura totalitaria. Se analiza a través de diversos conceptos teológicos como inversión, recapitulación, rememoración, el enano jorobado, redención, nihilismo, violencia pura, vida inescribible, en tanto índices del reino mesiánico. A partir de estos conceptos teológicos, el artículo expone cómo la idea marxista de una sociedad sin clases es una secularización del reino mesiánico. (shrink)

Tradicionalmente se ha considerado que durante el siglo XIX la defensa de algunos derechos y libertades individuales fue parte esencial del discurso liberal y del constitucionalismo mexicano. Sin embargo, estudios recientes sobre el llamado "liberalismo popular" muestran cómo la defensa de algunos derechos colectivos fue una pieza importante de una parte del movimiento liberal. En este trabajo se intenta defender una tesis conceptual y una metodológica a través de un ejemplo histórico: la primera consiste en sostener que los derechos colectivos (...) pueden conceptualmente convivir con un ideario liberal; la segunda, parte de asumir que muchos de los estudios históricos sobre los derechos en México se han enfocado exclusivamente en dar cuenta de la historia de los derechos individuales durante el siglo XIX, desde de un prejuicio ius positivista de estudiar sólo las leyes positivas, ignorando que en los discursos político-jurídicos de la época los derechos colectivos jugaron un rol importante. (shrink)

For a medieval thinker, in addition to positive law, there is another more fundamental law which is known by analyzing our own rational nature and our ultimate end. In this monographic issue, the nature and reach of the natural law will be studied in various medieval authors (St. Augustine, Alcuin of York, Philip the Chancellor, William of Auxerre, St. Bonaventure, St. Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus and William of Ockham).

This starting point of the deontological argument as formulated by Millán-Puelles is the absolute imperative of duty on conscience, and its terminus or culmination is God as an Absolute Person. The proof departs from the commanded conscience to the Conscience that commands. An imperative is not only a demand directed toward a free will, but likewise the demand that one will be directed by another. Each imperative is a dialogue betwen wills. Thence the need that the imperative be imposed ultimately (...) by a person. (shrink)

Unamuno and Ganivet approach the historical fact from romanticism (Ranke and Humboldt), as well as from hegelianism, whose original bond is "Volkgeist". More exactly, the Ganivet's concept of "spirit of the territory" is influenced by Hipólito Taine and Unamuno's concept of "intrahistory" by Spencer. The historical knowledge is leaded by a dialectic between the individual and the universal, similar to dialectic between superficial and deep.